Epilepsy in Children: Information and Resources

Epilepsy is a neurological condition that causes recurrent seizures. These seizures occur when there is abnormal electrical activity in the brain. For children, epilepsy can be particularly challenging because it affects their development, learning, and overall quality of life. However, with proper treatment and support, many children with epilepsy can lead full, active lives.

Epilepsy in children can be caused by many factors, such as:

  • Genetic conditions: Some types of epilepsy run in families.
  • Brain injury or trauma: Injuries to the brain from accidents or infections can lead to epilepsy.
  • Brain malformations: Sometimes, a child’s brain develops abnormally, leading to epilepsy.
  • Infections: Conditions like meningitis or encephalitis can cause brain damage that leads to seizures.

Types of Seizures in Children

Seizures come in many forms, and not all seizures are the same. Some common types of seizures in children include:

  • Focal (partial) seizures: These seizures affect only one part of the brain and might cause twitching or strange sensations in the body. A child may or may not be aware during a focal seizure.
  • Generalized seizures: These involve both sides of the brain and cause a person to lose consciousness. The most common type is tonic-clonic seizures (formerly known as grand mal seizures), where the child may fall, stiffen, and shake uncontrollably.
  • Absence seizures: These are brief seizures that cause the child to “stare off” and become unresponsive for a short time.
  • Myoclonic seizures: These are brief, jerky muscle movements, often in the arms or legs.

Each type of seizure may require different treatment strategies, so it’s important for parents and caregivers to work closely with doctors to determine the right approach.

Common Epilepsy Syndromes in Children

  • Benign Rolandic Epilepsy: Typically occurs in children aged 3-13, with seizures often happening during sleep.

  • Childhood Absence Epilepsy: Characterized by brief staring spells and loss of awareness.

  • Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy: Involves quick jerks of the arms or legs, typically occurring in the morning.

Dravet Syndrome – Dravet syndrome is a rare, catastrophic, lifelong form of epilepsy that begins in the first year of life with frequent and/or prolonged seizures. Previously known as Severe Myoclonic Epilepsy of Infancy (SMEI), it affects 1:15,700 individuals, 80% of whom have a mutation in their SCN1A gene [1]. While seizures persist, other comorbidities such as developmental delay and abnormal EEGs are often not evident until the second or third year of life. Common issues associated with Dravet syndrome include:

  • Prolonged seizures
  • Frequent seizures
  • Behavioral and developmental delays
  • Movement and balance issues
  • Orthopedic conditions
  • Delayed language and speech issues
  • Growth and nutrition issues
  • Sleeping difficulties
  • Chronic infections
  • Sensory integration disorders

Dysautonomia, or disruptions of the autonomic nervous system which can lead to difficulty regulating body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, and other issues
Current treatment options are limited, and the constant care required for someone suffering from Dravet syndrome can severely impact the patient’s and the family’s quality of life. Patients with Dravet syndrome face a 15-20% mortality rate due to SUDEP (Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy), prolonged seizures, seizure-related accidents such as drowning, and infections [2,3]. Research for a cure offers patients and families hope for a better quality of life for their loved ones

Diagnosis and Treatment of Epilepsy in Children

  1. Diagnosis

    • Medical History: The doctor will take a detailed history of the child’s health and seizures.
    • Physical and Neurological Exams: The doctor will perform a physical exam to check for signs of neurological problems.
    • EEG (Electroencephalogram): This test records the brain’s electrical activity and can help identify abnormal brain waves related to seizures.
    • Imaging Tests: An MRI or CT scan may be ordered to look for brain abnormalities, injuries, or structural issues.

  2. Treatment Options

    • Anti-Epileptic Drugs (AEDs): The first line of treatment is often medication. AEDs help control seizures, but the right medication varies for each child. Some common AEDs include levetiracetam (Keppra), valproic acid (Depakote), and carbamazepine (Tegretol).
    • Ketogenic Diet: This high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet has been shown to reduce seizures in some children, especially those whose seizures are resistant to medication.
    • Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS): A device implanted under the skin sends electrical pulses to the brain via the vagus nerve, helping to prevent seizures.
    • Surgery: In rare cases, when medication doesn’t control seizures, surgery may be considered to remove the part of the brain causing the seizures.

Impact of Epilepsy on Children’s Lives

Epilepsy can affect a child in many ways, not just physically, but also emotionally and socially:

  • Cognitive and Developmental Effects: Seizures and some medications may affect learning and memory. Cognitive delays, speech issues, and learning difficulties can be more common in children with epilepsy, especially if seizures are frequent.
  • Emotional and Behavioral Impact: Children with epilepsy might struggle with anxiety, depression, or low self-esteem, particularly if they face stigma or have difficulty participating in normal activities.
  • Social Challenges: Children may feel isolated from their peers due to seizures or because of the restrictions they face (e.g., avoiding certain sports or activities). It’s important for families and schools to support social inclusion.
  • Safety Concerns: Children with epilepsy may face increased risks of injury during a seizure, particularly if seizures happen while swimming, climbing, or participating in sports. Ensuring safety during daily activities is crucial.

Managing School and Social Life with Epilepsy

  1. School Accommodations: Children with epilepsy may benefit from additional support in school, such as:

    • Allowing extra time for tests or assignments.
    • Providing a quiet area to rest if needed.
    • Educating classmates about epilepsy to reduce stigma and increase support.

  2. Social Inclusion: Encouraging children with epilepsy to participate in social activities and find supportive friends is crucial. Open conversations about epilepsy with peers can promote understanding and empathy.

  3. Health Monitoring: Regular check-ups with a pediatric neurologist are important to monitor how well medications are working and to adjust the treatment plan as needed.

Epilepsy in children requires a team approach, involving healthcare providers, teachers, parents, and caregivers. With the right treatment, education, and support, children with epilepsy can live full and active lives. By connecting with the right resources and learning how to manage the condition, families can ensure that their child has the best possible chance for success and happiness.

Resources for Families and Caregivers

Epilepsy in Childhood – Information about the diagnosis and treatment of childhood epilepsy and how epilepsy may affect a child’s life.

Epilepsy Action in the United Kingdom has created new animations to help educate children about epilepsy & safety.

Visit the Children’s Page on Epilepsy Action

Summer Camp: Are you looking for a summer camp where your children can have a fun, enriching experience in a safe and supportive environment? ESEBC offers summer camp sponsorships to ensure children with epilepsy have the opportunity to enjoy camp with the confidence that their needs will be met. To apply for sponsorship and learn more about the camp, Click here: Summer Camp Sponsorship Application